libellous

Libellous refers to something that constitutes libel. Libel is a form of defamation expressed in a fixed medium, such as a printed publication, photograph, or broadcast. It involves the publication of a false statement that harms the reputation of another person or entity. Unlike slander, which is spoken defamation, libel is written or otherwise recorded.

For a statement to be considered libellous, several elements typically need to be proven. These generally include that the statement was published or communicated to a third party, that the statement was false, and that it caused harm or damage to the reputation of the subject. In many legal systems, particularly in cases involving public figures, the plaintiff must also prove that the defendant acted with malice, meaning they knew the statement was false or acted with reckless disregard for its truth or falsity.

The consequences of libel can be significant, often leading to civil lawsuits seeking damages for reputational harm, emotional distress, and financial losses. In some jurisdictions, libel can also carry criminal penalties, although this is less common in contemporary Western legal systems. Defenses against libel claims can include truth, where the statement made, though damaging, is demonstrably true, and privilege, which applies to certain statements made in legislative, judicial, or other official proceedings. The concept of libel is crucial in maintaining a balance between freedom of speech and the protection of individual reputations.