kooperativa

Kooperativa, or cooperative, is a member-owned and -controlled business organization that aims to meet the common economic, social, and cultural needs of its members. Members contribute capital and share in profits and decisions, typically on a one-member-one-vote basis regardless of investment size. Core principles include voluntary and open membership, democratic member control, economic participation, autonomy, education, cooperation among cooperatives, and concern for community, as defined by bodies like the International Cooperative Alliance.

Cooperatives operate in various sectors: consumer cooperatives (retail and services owned by customers), worker cooperatives (owned by employees), agricultural cooperatives (farmers pooling resources), housing cooperatives, and financial cooperatives such as credit unions. Some are single-entity enterprises; many are part of larger federations that coordinate standards and provide services.

Governing structure usually comprises a general assembly where members vote, a elected board of directors, and often a supervisory or audit board to oversee management. Profits are distributed among members as patronage refunds, not necessarily proportional to capital invested, though rules vary by jurisdiction.

Historically, the modern cooperative movement began in the 19th century with Rochdale Principles in the United Kingdom and expanded globally. The International Cooperative Alliance coordinates standards and represents cooperatives worldwide, promoting sustainable development, fair trade, and financial inclusion.

Legal forms of cooperatives vary by country, but common features are limited liability, member ownership, and a commitment to social goals alongside economic viability.