kivitõbe

Kivitõbi is the Estonian term for urolithiasis, a medical condition characterized by the formation of stones within the urinary tract. These stones, also known as calculi, can develop in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. The composition of these stones can vary, with common types including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine.

The exact cause of kivitõbi is not always clear, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development. These include insufficient fluid intake, leading to concentrated urine, which allows minerals to crystallize. Dietary factors, such as high intake of salt, animal protein, and certain vitamins, can also play a role. Genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions like gout or hyperparathyroidism, and anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract are also risk factors.

Symptoms of kivitõbi can range from asymptomatic to severe pain. The most common symptom is flank pain, often described as sharp and radiating to the lower abdomen and groin. This pain, known as renal colic, occurs when a stone obstructs the flow of urine. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine (hematuria), nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, painful urination, and fever or chills if an infection develops.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray. Urinalysis can help detect blood and signs of infection. Treatment approaches depend on the size, location, and type of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with increased fluid intake and pain management. Larger stones or those causing significant obstruction or pain may require medical procedures like lithotripsy to break up the stones or surgical intervention to remove them. Prevention strategies focus on increasing fluid intake, modifying diet, and addressing underlying medical conditions.