kinetochoredriven

Kinetochore-driven describes cellular processes in which the kinetochore is the primary source of force that moves chromosomes during cell division. The kinetochore is a protein complex assembled at the centromere of each chromosome and forms a dynamic link to the spindle microtubules. In kinetochore-driven movements, forces arise from microtubule dynamics and motor activities at the kinetochore, enabling chromosome congression to the metaphase plate and subsequent segregation to daughter cells.

Mechanistically, kinetochores couple to the plus ends of spindle microtubules. Depolymerization at the microtubule end near the kinetochore can pull the attached chromatid toward the pole, while motor proteins at the kinetochore or along microtubules assist capture, alignment, and attachment. The KMN network (Knl1, Mis12, Ndc80) forms a key microtubule-binding platform that transduces force from microtubule dynamics to the chromosome. Motor proteins such as CENP-E and dynein contribute to movement and positioning, particularly during prometaphase and metaphase. In some organisms, additional complexes (for example, Dam1/DASH in yeast) enhance coupling between the kinetochore and depolymerizing microtubules.

Role and significance include accurate chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis, as well as proper homolog and sister chromatid separation during meiosis. The process is monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint, which delays anaphase until correct attachments and tension are established. Disruptions in kinetochore-driven mechanisms can cause chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy, with implications for development and cancer biology. The term is used to distinguish kinetochore-mediated movements from other force-generating pathways in spindle dynamics.