khilaf

Khilaf (خلاف) is an Arabic noun meaning disagreement, dispute, or difference. Etymology traces to the root خ- ل- ف, literally conveying the idea of being different or diverging. In general usage, khilaf denotes any divergence of opinion or position in argument, discussion, or policy.

In Islamic discourse, khilaf refers specifically to differences of opinion among scholars (fuqaha) on Islamic legal rulings. Such differences arise from interpreting Qur’an and hadith, applying various legal methodologies, or weighing evidence differently. Khilaf is often contrasted with ijma, the consensus of qualified scholars, and is viewed as a natural and legitimate part of the process of jurisprudential reasoning. Scholars distinguish between mu’tabar (valid, well-founded) khilaf and ghair mu’tabar (unreliable) forms, with the former grounded in sound methodology and evidence and the latter considered weak or not widely accepted.

Historically, multiple legal schools (madhahib) have coexisted within Sunni Islam, reflecting diverse approaches to applying revelation to law and practice. Differences continue in contemporary jurisprudence, ethics, and public policy, illustrating the ongoing evolution of legal and theological thought. In everyday language, khilaf can describe disagreements on ritual practices, interpretations of texts, or social and political issues, without necessarily implying hostility.

In broader usage, khilaf also appears outside religious contexts to denote any form of dispute or disagreement. It should not be confused with Khilafat, the historical institution associated with caliphate leadership.