keratinizovanou

Keratinizovanou is a Czech term that translates to "keratinized" in English. It refers to the process of keratinization, a fundamental biological process occurring in epithelial cells, particularly in the epidermis of the skin, and also in structures derived from it such as hair and nails. This process involves the synthesis and accumulation of keratin, a tough, fibrous structural protein.

Keratinization begins in the lower layers of the epidermis and progresses upwards as cells mature and move towards the surface. During this process, cells undergo significant changes, including the loss of their nucleus and organelles. They become flattened and filled with keratin filaments. The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is composed entirely of dead, keratinized cells called corneocytes. These cells are tightly packed and form a protective barrier against mechanical damage, dehydration, and microbial invasion.

In hair and nails, keratinization is also the primary process responsible for their formation and structure. The cells within the hair follicle and nail matrix differentiate and accumulate keratin, eventually forming the visible hair shaft and nail plate. This protein is essential for the strength and resilience of these appendages. The term "keratinizovanou" therefore describes the state of being transformed or filled with keratin, a defining characteristic of specialized cells and tissues in the body.