katalítator

A katalítator, commonly known as a catalytic converter, is an emissions control device used in internal combustion engines to reduce harmful pollutants in exhaust gases before they are released into the atmosphere. It functions by facilitating chemical reactions that convert toxic pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), into less harmful substances like carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and nitrogen (N₂).

The device typically contains a honeycomb structure made of ceramic or metal coated with a catalytic material, most commonly platinum, palladium, and rhodium. These metals act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The converter is usually located in the exhaust system, downstream of the engine and upstream of the muffler.

Catalytic converters were first introduced in the United States in the mid-1970s as part of federal regulations aimed at reducing vehicle emissions. Over time, stricter environmental laws in many countries have led to the widespread adoption of catalytic converters in modern vehicles. They play a crucial role in meeting emissions standards and improving air quality by minimizing the release of harmful pollutants.

However, catalytic converters can degrade over time due to factors such as high temperatures, engine misfires, or exposure to contaminants like lead or silicon. When damaged, they may fail to function effectively, leading to increased emissions and potential engine damage. Regular vehicle maintenance and the use of high-quality fuel can help prolong their lifespan.

The efficiency of a catalytic converter depends on several factors, including its design, the type of catalytic material used, and operating conditions such as exhaust temperature and composition. Modern vehicles often employ three-way catalytic converters, which simultaneously reduce CO, HC, and NOx emissions. Despite their importance, catalytic converters are also a target for theft due to the high value of the precious metals they contain.