karbonyler

Karbonyler is a term used in Turkish chemistry literature to refer to carbonyl compounds, a broad class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, with the remaining substituents attached to the carbon varied to form different subclasses.

The major subclasses include aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones (R-CO-R'), which share the C=O bond but differ in the attachment of hydrogen or carbon-containing groups. Other important carbonyl families are carboxylic acids (R-COOH), esters (R-COOR'), amides (R-CONR'R''), anhydrides, and acyl chlorides. Together, these compounds cover a wide range of reactivity and applications, from solvents and intermediates to building blocks in pharmaceuticals and polymers.

In terms of reactivity, the carbonyl carbon is electrophilic, making carbonyl compounds susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Reactions commonly involve nucleophilic additions to aldehydes and ketones, oxidation and reduction processes, and transformations such as esterification, amidation, hydrolysis, and condensation. Infrared spectroscopy typically shows a strong C=O stretch around 1700 cm⁻¹, though the exact position depends on the specific class and substituents.

Occurrence and use are widespread: carbonyl compounds appear in metabolism (for example, acetaldehyde and pyruvate), in industrial chemistry (formaldehyde, acetone, various acids and esters), and as essential intermediates in organic synthesis. The term karbonyler thus encompasses a central and diverse set of functional groups, unified by the presence of the carbonyl moiety.