kapitulasjonen

Kapitulasjonen refers to the act by which one belligerent party formally surrenders to another at the conclusion of a conflict or siege. It is usually established through a written instrument that specifies the terms under which hostilities cease, the transfer of control, and the treatment of those involved, including prisoners of war, civilians, and occupied territories. The document is signed by authorized representatives and can be bilateral or, in some cases, subject to mediation.

A kapitulasjon differs from a simple ceasefire or armistice. While a ceasefire halts active fighting temporarily, a kapitulasjon implements binding conditions that end resistance and legally formalize the surrender. Terms can include demobilization, disarmament, the handing over of fortifications or territory, guarantees of safety, and the rights and obligations of both sides after the surrender.

Kapitulasjoner can be unconditional or negotiated. An unconditional surrender accepts the terms offered by the victor, while a conditional surrender is accepted in exchange for negotiated terms. The exact terms depend on the strategic situation and the relative bargaining power. International law governs the humane treatment of troops and civilians, and guarantees may cover prisoners of war and protection against reprisals.

Historically, kapitulasjoner were common at the end of sieges and wars, shaping the transition from conflict to occupation or peace. In modern conflicts, the framing of surrender terms tends to be more strongly influenced by international humanitarian law, and the use of formal capitulation documents has become less uniform, often replaced by armistice agreements and treaties.