kansantalouden

Kansantalous, in Finnish usage, refers to the national economy: the total production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a country, analyzed in macroeconomic terms. It comprises households, firms, government, and the external sector, and it is studied to understand growth, stability, and development over time.

Key measures include gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI), unemployment, inflation, the current account, and public debt. National accounts data are organized into production, expenditure, and income approaches. GDP can be calculated from production, expenditure, or income perspectives. The structure of a kansantalous is often described by sector composition—primary, secondary, and tertiary—and by factors such as productivity and capital stock.

Policy and institutions shape the kansantalous through fiscal policy (government spending and taxation) and monetary policy (the central bank, interest rates, and, in some cases, exchange-rate management). The regulatory framework, financial stability mechanisms, and labor-market institutions also influence performance, resilience, and distribution. The external sector, including imports and exports, affects the economy through trade balances, capital flows, and vulnerability to global demand and prices.

Theoretical perspectives on a kansantalous range from classical and neoclassical models, which emphasize efficient resource allocation and price signals, to Keynesian and post-Keynesian approaches that stress demand management. Monetarist and endogenous-growth theories highlight money, policy credibility, innovation, and institutions as drivers of long-run growth.

International integration and openness are important for many kansantaloudet, linking national outcomes to global markets, exchange rates, and policy coordination within regional and international frameworks.