jeroboam

Jeroboam is the name of two kings of the northern Kingdom of Israel in the Hebrew Bible. The form Yeroboam is of Hebrew origin, typically interpreted as meaning “increase of the people” or “the people will contend.” The two rulers are Jeroboam I, who led a split from Solomon’s royal house in the early monarchic period, and Jeroboam II, who reigned in the 8th century BCE.

Jeroboam I, son of Nebat, was an Ephraimite official under Solomon who revolted after Solomon’s death. The prophet Ahijah the Shilonite is said to have anointed him ruler over ten of the twelve tribes, establishing the northern kingdom with its center of power in the northern hill country and later strengthening cities in the region. To deter pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Jeroboam set up alternative religious centers at Bethel and Dan and fostered priesthoods outside the Jerusalem system. His reign is described in the Books of Kings as lasting about 22 years; he was succeeded by his son Nadab.

Jeroboam II, son of Joash, reigned in the mid-8th century BCE and is noted for a period of relative prosperity in Israel. According to biblical accounts, his reign extended Israel’s borders north to Hamath and south to the Dead Sea, and it saw renewed urban and military activity, including rebuilding efforts in some northern cities. The prophets Hosea and Amos prophesied during this era. Jeroboam II died and was succeeded by Zechariah, and his dynasty soon faced increasing external pressure from Assyria.

In modern usage, Jeroboam is also the name of a large wine-bottle size. The name remains a common reference in biblical scholarship and literature.