jatrophanes

Jatrophanes are a class of natural organic compounds first isolated from the seeds of several species of the genus Jatropha, particularly Jatropha curcas and Jatropha krasslinii. Chemically, they are characterized by a bicyclic core derived from a monoterpene skeleton that includes an epoxide and a lactone functional group. The most studied members, jatrophane A, jatrophane B, and jatrophane C, have molecular formulas C₁₀H₁₇O₃ and display a highly strained ring system that contributes to their biological activity.

These compounds occur as secondary metabolites in plant tissues, especially in seed oils, where they are believed to serve a defensive role against pests and pathogens. Because of their pyrimidane-like structure, jatrophanes have attracted interest for their insecticidal properties. Laboratory assays demonstrate strong activity against a range of chewing and sucking insects, including aphids and caterpillars, with lower toxicity to non‑target organisms when applied correctly. In addition, jatrophanes have been investigated for potential use as herbicides, showing inhibitory effects on seed germination and root elongation in a number of weed species.

Despite promising activity, jatrophanes pose a risk to mammalian health. Acute toxicity studies in rodents indicate that ingestion or high dermal exposure can lead to seizures, respiratory distress, and hepatotoxicity. Consequently, development of jatrophane‑based products for agricultural or medicinal use is approached cautiously, with emphasis on formulation, dosage control, and comprehensive risk assessment.

Research on the biosynthesis of jatrophanes has identified key enzymes that convert geranyl diphosphate into the bicyclic core, providing potential targets for metabolic engineering. Further studies aim to optimize the production of less toxic analogues while maintaining efficacy against target pests.