ivermectine

Ivermectine, commonly referred to as ivermectin, is a macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic agent derived from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. It belongs to the avermectin family and acts by binding selectively to glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, increasing chloride ion influx and causing paralysis and death of susceptible parasites. The drug has limited passage into the mammalian central nervous system, aided by the blood–brain barrier and P-glycoprotein, which contributes to its safety profile when used appropriately.

In human medicine, ivermectine is used to treat a range of parasitic infections, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, and various intestinal nematode infections. It is also employed for crusted scabies and head lice in certain countries, with topical formulations used for rosacea in some regions. In veterinary medicine, it is widely used to control internal and external parasites across many animal species.

Pharmacologically, ivermectine is generally well tolerated, with most adverse effects being mild and transient. Common reactions include dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and skin rashes. A reaction known as the Mazzotti reaction can occur when treating certain filarial infections due to rapid parasite death. Safety considerations include avoiding use in certain populations (such as some pregnant individuals) and being mindful of potential drug interactions and parasite resistance in some areas.

History and status: Ivermectine was discovered in the 1970s by Satoshi Ōmura and William C. Campbell, leading to widespread therapeutic use. The discovery was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. The drug is manufactured under various brand names and used worldwide in human and veterinary medicine.