iontoforesis

Iontofore­sis, commonly referred to as iontophoresis, is a method of enhancing transdermal delivery of charged substances by applying a small electrical current. The term iontoforesis is a variant spelling. The technique relies on electrophoresis and electroosmosis to move ionized drugs or ions from a reservoir on the skin into deeper tissues. The degree of delivery depends on current intensity and duration, solution concentration, and the charge and mobility of the ion.

A typical setup includes an active electrode containing the drug solution and a return electrode, connected to a low-voltage power source. Direct current is applied for minutes to tens of minutes. Reported current densities usually range from about 0.1 to 0.5 mA per square centimeter.

Applications: It is used to deliver certain medications locally, such as lidocaine, dexamethasone, or other ionized agents, in dermatology and physical therapy. It is also used for hyperhidrosis by applying tap water to the active electrode to reduce sweating.

Safety and limitations: Potential adverse effects include skin irritation, erythema, or burns from local heating or pH shifts near the electrodes. It should not be used on broken skin or in individuals with certain implanted electronic devices, and it requires medical supervision or trained operators to ensure proper dosing and safety.