iodophors

Iodophors are iodine-releasing antiseptics formed by complexing iodine with a solubilizing carrier, most commonly polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The complex binds iodine, enabling gradual release of free iodine and providing extended antimicrobial activity while reducing the irritant effect of iodine alone.

Mechanism and spectrum: Free iodine penetrates microorganisms, oxidizing cellular components and inactivating proteins and nucleic acids. Iodophors offer broad-spectrum activity against bacteria (including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species), fungi, and some viruses. They are typically less irritating and cause less staining than tincture formulations. Sporicidal activity is variable and generally depends on concentration and contact time.

Common forms and uses: Povidone-iodine is the most widely used iodophor. It is employed for skin antisepsis in preoperative preparation, for surgical hand disinfection, and for wound cleansing. It is also used on mucous membranes, in dental and ophthalmic preparations, and in some veterinary products as a topical antiseptic or oral rinse.

Safety and limitations: Iodophors can cause allergic reactions in individuals with iodine sensitivity and may irritate sensitive skin. They can stain skin and fabrics and their activity can be reduced by organic matter. Prolonged or excessive use can influence thyroid function in susceptible individuals; use in certain populations (such as neonates) and specific medical conditions should follow clinical guidelines.

Storage and handling: Store in tightly closed containers, protected from light and heat, and follow expiration dates. Do not mix iodophors with incompatible disinfectants or cleaners, as chemical interactions can occur.