industri

Industri is the sector of the economy concerned with the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and the provision of related services through organized production processes. It encompasses manufacturing, mining, construction, energy generation, and the operation of infrastructure that supports production. In many languages, industri is the standard term for industry, and the concept forms a core component of economic analysis alongside agriculture and services.

Historically, industrial activity expanded dramatically with the Industrial Revolution, beginning in the 18th century. Mechanization, steam power, and later electricity and automation enabled large-scale production, urban growth, and new labor patterns. In modern economies, industrial activity has diversified from heavy manufacturing toward electronics, chemicals, machinery, and process industries, while services and information technologies increasingly complement or replace some traditional manufacturing roles.

Industry is commonly divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The primary sector extracts natural resources; the secondary sector manufactures goods; the tertiary sector provides services such as logistics, finance, and maintenance. Some frameworks also describe quaternary (knowledge-based activities) and quinary (high-level decision making) sectors.

Key drivers include capital investment, labor skills, energy and infrastructure, technology, and policy settings. Industrial policy, trade, regulation, environmental standards, and innovation systems shape industrial performance and resilience. Indicators such as industrial production, manufacturing value added, capacity utilization, and employment measure its size and health.

Globalization has spread industrial activity across borders through value chains, outsourcing, and foreign direct investment, while recent trends emphasize automation, digitalization, sustainability, and decarbonization. Sustainable industrial development seeks to balance productivity with environmental protection and social equity.