idealisation

Idealisation is the act of presenting or forming something as perfect or ideal, often by exaggerating some features and omitting others. In philosophy and science it denotes the deliberate simplification of a complex reality to produce workable models. Idealisations replace messy details with idealized conditions—such as a frictionless plane, a point mass, or a uniform field—so relationships can be analyzed and predictions derived. These models are not literal representations but useful approximations valid under certain conditions.

In aesthetics and art, idealisation denotes the portrayal of subjects in an ideal or perfected form, emphasizing beauty, nobility, or virtue. It can guide stylistic choices and convey normative values, but may also obscure flaws or contextual realities.

In psychology and social thought, people may engage in idealisation in relationships—attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others—especially early on. Collective idealisation can shape cultural identities and political narratives, yet it can distort judgment and suppress critical appraisal of real strengths and weaknesses.

Critics stress that idealisation is a useful heuristic but risks distortion if treated as fact. Effective use depends on acknowledging its limits and distinguishing between explanatory models or expressive ideals and empirical reality.