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Iatrogenesis refers to an adverse condition in a patient resulting from medical examination or treatment, whether intentional or unintentional. The term originates from the Greek words *iatros* (meaning "physician") and *genesis* (meaning "origin"). This phenomenon can occur in various forms, including physical, psychological, or social consequences, and is often categorized into two main types: iatrogenic disease and iatrogenic illness.

Iatrogenic disease arises from medical interventions that cause harm, such as infections from surgical procedures, medication side effects, or complications from diagnostic tests. For example, antibiotic-resistant infections can develop due to overuse or misuse of antibiotics, while chemotherapy may lead to secondary cancers or organ damage. Psychological iatrogenesis includes conditions like anxiety or depression triggered by misdiagnosis, unnecessary treatments, or poor communication between healthcare providers and patients.

Iatrogenic illness may also result from systemic issues within healthcare systems, such as overdiagnosis, overtreatment, or medical errors. For instance, unnecessary surgeries or excessive imaging can expose patients to unnecessary risks, while miscommunication between doctors may lead to delayed or incorrect treatments. Additionally, the stigma associated with certain diagnoses or the burden of chronic illness management can contribute to psychological distress.

Preventing iatrogenesis involves improving medical training, enhancing patient education, and promoting evidence-based practices. Transparency in healthcare, patient-centered care, and continuous monitoring of treatment outcomes can help minimize risks. Recognizing the potential for iatrogenic effects encourages clinicians to weigh the benefits and harms of interventions carefully, ensuring that medical care remains beneficial rather than detrimental to patients.