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Hypertonia, also known as hypertonus, is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone. This means that a person's muscles are abnormally tight and may resist passive stretching. It can affect various parts of the body and can manifest in different ways, ranging from mild stiffness to severe spasticity. The underlying cause of hypertonia is typically damage or dysfunction in the central nervous system, which controls muscle movement. Common conditions associated with hypertonia include stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, and multiple sclerosis.

The symptoms of hypertonia can vary widely among individuals. Some may experience muscle stiffness that makes movement difficult or painful. Others may have involuntary muscle spasms or contractions, which can lead to jerky movements. In some cases, hypertonia can affect posture and balance, making it challenging to stand or walk. The severity of hypertonia can also fluctuate, with symptoms sometimes worsening with stress, fatigue, or changes in temperature.

Diagnosis of hypertonia usually involves a physical examination to assess muscle tone and range of motion. Medical history and neurological tests may also be used to identify the underlying cause. Treatment for hypertonia aims to manage symptoms, improve function, and enhance quality of life. This can involve physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength, occupational therapy to help with daily activities, and medication to reduce muscle spasticity. In some instances, surgical interventions may be considered.