hypothalamicpituitaryendocrine
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HP axis) is a major neuroendocrine system linking the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. It integrates neural signals with endocrine responses to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress adaptation, and fluid balance through actions on the thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads, and mammary tissue.
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic–pituitary portal circulation. The anterior pituitary releases
Output is governed by negative feedback from end organs (cortisol, thyroid hormones, gonadal steroids, IGF-1) and
Physiological roles include growth (GH/IGF-1), thyroid regulation (TSH), adrenal function (ACTH/cortisol), reproductive control (LH/FSH), lactation (prolactin),
Clinical relevance: Pituitary tumors, hypopituitarism, hyperprolactinemia, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH illustrate axis disturbances. Hypothalamic injury can