hypoconid

A hypoconid is a cusp on the upper molar teeth of many mammals. Specifically, it is the cusp located posterolingually (towards the back and the tongue side) on the upper molars of bunodont and lophodont dentition. The hypoconid, along with the protocone and metacone, forms the primary chewing surface of these teeth. In bunodont teeth, such as those found in pigs and humans, the hypoconid is a distinct, rounded cusp. In lophodont teeth, common in herbivores like horses and elephants, the hypoconid may be more integrated into a crest or loph.

The development and prominence of the hypoconid can vary significantly between different mammalian species and are often important characteristics used in paleontological studies for classification and understanding evolutionary relationships. Its position and shape are crucial for the efficient grinding and crushing of food. In some extinct mammals, the hypoconid might be more developed or reduced, reflecting dietary adaptations. The terminology surrounding mammalian tooth cusps, including the hypoconid, was largely established by paleontologists studying fossil mammals to describe the complex structures of their teeth.