hyperparathyoidismi

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands, located in the neck behind the thyroid gland, produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. When PTH levels are elevated, it leads to high calcium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia.

There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive, usually due to a benign tumor called an adenoma or, less commonly, due to enlargement of all four glands (hyperplasia). In rare cases, parathyroid cancer can also cause primary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a response to another medical condition that causes low calcium levels, such as chronic kidney disease or severe vitamin D deficiency. The parathyroid glands work harder to try and raise calcium levels, leading to enlarged glands. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism can occur when secondary hyperparathyroidism persists for a long time, causing the parathyroid glands to become persistently overactive and produce excessive PTH even after the underlying cause of low calcium is corrected.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can vary widely and may include fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, frequent urination, constipation, and mood changes. However, many individuals with mild hyperparathyroidism have no noticeable symptoms. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure calcium and PTH levels. Treatment depends on the type and severity of hyperparathyroidism and may involve surgery to remove the affected parathyroid gland(s), medication to manage calcium levels, or addressing the underlying cause in cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism.