hyperkalcémií

Hyperkalcemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm, and acid-base balance. In hyperkalcemia, the serum potassium level exceeds the normal range of 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L.

Hyperkalcemia can be classified into two main types: acute and chronic. Acute hyperkalcemia is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment, as it can lead to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Chronic hyperkalcemia, on the other hand, develops gradually and may not cause immediate symptoms but can still lead to long-term health issues.

The causes of hyperkalcemia are diverse and can be categorized into three main groups: increased potassium intake, decreased potassium excretion, and shifts of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular space. Common causes of hyperkalcemia include renal failure, certain medications (such as potassium-sparing diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and conditions like Addison's disease and tumor lysis syndrome.

The diagnosis of hyperkalcemia typically involves measuring the serum potassium level using a blood test. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In acute hyperkalcemia, immediate measures such as intravenous calcium gluconate, insulin, and sodium bicarbonate may be necessary to shift potassium back into cells and restore normal heart function. Chronic hyperkalcemia may require addressing the underlying cause, such as managing renal function or adjusting medications.

Prevention and management of hyperkalcemia involve maintaining a balanced diet, monitoring medications, and managing underlying medical conditions. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is essential to monitor potassium levels and adjust treatment plans as needed.