hydroclimatology

Hydroclimatology is the scientific study of the interactions between climate and the hydrological cycle, and the ways in which climate variability and climate change influence the availability and distribution of freshwater resources. The field investigates how atmospheric processes drive precipitation and evapotranspiration, and how these fluxes propagate through soils, groundwater, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It focuses on typical conditions as well as extremes such as floods and droughts, and it seeks to understand both short-term dynamics and longer-term trends across spatial scales from catchments to basins.

Methods include the use of meteorological and hydrological observations, satellite remote sensing, and reanalysis data; statistical analysis of variability and extremes; and the development and application of hydrological models coupled to climate information. Climate models, regional downscaling, and scenario analysis are used to project future hydroclimate conditions and to evaluate uncertainty. Applications span water resources planning, flood and drought risk management, reservoir operation, irrigation planning, hydropower, and climate change impact assessments.

Challenges include data gaps and biases in observations and models, nonstationarity under ongoing climate change, scale mismatches between climate projections and hydrological responses, and the need for integrated, interdisciplinary approaches. By linking atmospheric science with hydrology, hydroclimatology supports understanding and managing water resources in a changing climate.