hydraulických

Hydraulics is the science and technology of transmitting forces through confined fluids to perform work. Based on Pascal's law, pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, allowing small input forces to generate large output forces. The power transmitted equals the product of fluid pressure and flow rate, P = p × Q.

A hydraulic system typically consists of a fluid that resists compression, a pump or motor to supply flow, actuators such as cylinders or hydraulic motors to convert fluid power into motion, control valves to direct flow, reservoirs, filters, and lines. Accumulators may store energy for peak demands. Systems may be open-loop or closed-loop, and circuits can be configured for linear or rotary motion, speed control, and force control.

Hydraulic systems are valued for producing high force in compact form, smooth, controllable motion, and good holding capability. They require careful maintenance to prevent contamination, wear, and leaks. Fluids may be mineral oil-based, synthetic esters, phosphates, or biodegradable types, with additives to reduce wear and corrosion. Safety concerns include high pressures, stored energy, and environmental hazards from leaks.

Common applications include construction equipment (excavators, loaders), industrial presses, metal forming, aviation flight controls, braking and steering systems in vehicles, and automation machinery. The development of hydraulics dates to the 18th and 19th centuries, with early hydraulic presses and the formulation of Pascal's law guiding modern fluid power systems.