histotechnology

Histotechnology is a branch of medical laboratory science that focuses on the preparation of tissue specimens for microscopic examination. It encompasses fixation, processing, embedding, sectioning, staining, and mounting, as well as the generation of slides for ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry and special stains. Histotechnologists perform these tasks under the supervision of pathologists and cytologists, providing slides that support accurate diagnosis and research.

The typical workflow begins when a tissue sample is collected and fixed in formalin or other fixatives to preserve morphology. The specimen is dehydrated through graded alcohols, cleared with a solvent, and infiltrated with paraffin. After embedding, a microtome cuts thin sections, usually 3 to 5 micrometers thick, which are mounted on glass slides. Sections are deparaffinized, rehydrated, and stained; the routine stain is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Additional stains and methods, such as periodic acid–Schiff, silver stains, mucicarmine, or immunohistochemistry, are used as needed.

Key equipment includes tissue processors, embedding centers, microtomes, cryostats for frozen sections, automated stainers, coverslippers, and mounted slides. Quality assurance involves validated protocols, reagent quality control, routine instrument maintenance, and participation in external quality assessment. Laboratories adhere to safety standards for hazardous chemicals and dispose of waste according to regulations.

Histotechnology underpins diagnostic histopathology, enabling clinicians to interpret tissue architecture, cellular details, and molecular markers. Training is provided in accredited programs, with certification in many regions, and career pathways include specialization in areas such as immunohistochemistry, neuropathology support, or laboratory management.