higroscopice

Higroscopice, or hygroscopic in English, describes materials that readily absorb moisture from the surrounding air. Hygroscopic substances gain water vapor through adsorption on surfaces and absorption into the bulk, with the total moisture content determined by ambient relative humidity and temperature. The process can alter weight, dimensions, mechanical properties, and, in some cases, electrical and optical characteristics.

The degree of hygroscopicity varies widely among materials. Some are weakly hygroscopic and only pick up small amounts of moisture, while others are strongly hygroscopic and can reach equilibrium moisture contents at relatively low humidity. In extreme cases, highly hygroscopic substances become deliquescent, absorbing so much moisture that they dissolve into an aqueous solution.

Common hygroscopic materials include sugars, many salts, wood, paper, textiles, and various polymers. Silica gel and calcium chloride are widely used desiccants because of their strong moisture-absorbing properties. The hygroscopic behavior is an important consideration in storage, processing, and design, since moisture uptake can affect texture, strength, electrical resistance, corrosion risk, and biological growth.

Applications and implications span packaging and storage, electronics and batteries, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and materials engineering. Controlling moisture with desiccants, humidity barriers, or environmental conditioning helps maintain product quality and performance. Etymologically, the term derives from Greek hygros, moisture, and skopein, to look or observe, reflecting its relation to moisture in the environment.