highAndean

highAndean refers to the biogeographical region encompassing the high-altitude zones of the Andes mountain range. This zone is characterized by extreme environmental conditions, including low temperatures, high solar radiation, strong winds, and low oxygen levels. The altitude typically begins above the tree line, generally around 3,500 meters (11,500 feet) and extends to the highest peaks.

Flora in the highAndean region is adapted to these harsh conditions, often featuring cushion plants, grasses, and small, hardy shrubs. Many species have developed adaptations such as dense hairs, small leaves, and deep root systems to survive. Examples include various species of *Polylepis* trees found at very high altitudes, and numerous types of perennial grasses like *Festuca* and *Stipa*.

Fauna is also specialized, with many species exhibiting physiological adaptations for high altitudes. Common mammals include vicuñas, guanacos, llamas, and alpacas, which are well-suited to grazing in sparse vegetation. Birdlife often includes condors, eagles, and various species of hummingbirds and waterfowl adapted to cold climates. Reptiles and amphibians are rare due to the extreme cold.

The highAndean ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, with rising temperatures potentially leading to shifts in vegetation zones and impacts on endemic species. These regions are also important for water sources for lower-lying areas, with glaciers and snowmelt providing crucial freshwater. Human presence is generally sparse, with traditional herding practices and scientific research being the primary activities.