hidroxiláció

Hidroxiláció is a chemical process that involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a molecule. This group is composed of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom. Hydroxylation is a common type of oxidation reaction and is a crucial step in many metabolic pathways within biological systems. It can also occur in various chemical synthesis reactions.

In organic chemistry, hydroxylation often increases the polarity and water solubility of a molecule. This modification can alter its reactivity, making it more susceptible to further chemical transformations or influencing its interaction with other molecules. For example, hydroxylation is a key step in the biosynthesis of many hormones, neurotransmitters, and drug metabolites.

Enzymes known as hydroxylases catalyze these reactions in living organisms. These enzymes often require cofactors, such as iron or specific vitamins, to function. The precise location and type of hydroxylation are highly specific, depending on the enzyme and the substrate involved. In industrial chemistry, hydroxylation can be achieved through various methods, including using oxidizing agents or metal catalysts. Understanding hydroxylation is vital for fields ranging from biochemistry and pharmacology to materials science and environmental chemistry.