hepatiit

Hepatiit, often spelled hepatitis in many languages, refers to inflammation of the liver. It can result from infections, autoimmune processes, alcohol use, or exposure to certain drugs or toxins. The most common types are viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, which differ in how they are transmitted, whether the infection becomes chronic, and the potential for serious complications.

Viral hepatitis A and E are usually acute and spread primarily through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood or body fluids. Hepatitis B can become chronic, especially when infection occurs in early life, and hepatitis D requires coinfection with hepatitis B to propagate.

Symptoms range from none to fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Some people have dark urine or pale stools. Chronic hepatitis can progress with ongoing liver inflammation that leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, or an increased risk of liver cancer.

Diagnosis relies on blood tests that assess liver enzymes (ALT and AST), bilirubin, and coagulation, along with specific serologic tests for hepatitis viruses. Imaging tests and, in some cases, liver biopsy help assess liver structure and damage.

Treatment depends on the cause. Acute viral hepatitis often requires supportive care. Chronic hepatitis B and C are treated with antiviral medications; autoimmune hepatitis uses immunosuppressants; drug-induced hepatitis improves after removing the offending agent. Vaccination prevents hepatitis A and B, and public health measures reduce transmission of all forms. Prognosis varies by type and early detection.