hematurií

Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine, which can be detected through visual inspection or laboratory testing. The condition may appear as visibly bloody urine or, in milder cases, only detectable under microscopic examination. Hematuria can arise from various sources along the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra, and may be classified as either microscopic or macroscopic (gross) depending on its visibility.

Microscopic hematuria involves RBC counts of three or more per high-power field in urine sediment, typically identified through urinalysis. This form is often asymptomatic and may be discovered incidentally during routine medical testing. Gross hematuria, on the other hand, is noticeable as pink, red, or cola-colored urine and is usually accompanied by symptoms such as pain, discomfort, or urinary tract infections.

Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or prostate infections, physical trauma, strenuous exercise, and certain medications. Underlying medical conditions like glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, or cancer of the urinary tract may also lead to persistent hematuria. In some cases, hematuria can be idiopathic, with no identifiable cause.

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, and sometimes imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or cystoscopy. Further tests, including blood tests and urine culture, may help determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the identified cause and may range from antibiotic therapy for infections to surgical intervention for structural abnormalities.

Regular monitoring is often recommended for individuals with recurrent or unexplained hematuria, particularly if risk factors such as family history of kidney disease or exposure to toxins are present. Early detection and intervention can help prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.