hardpans

A hardpan is a dense, compacted layer within the soil profile that is relatively resistant to digging and severely limits root penetration and downward water movement. Hardpans can form naturally through long-term weathering and pedogenic processes, or result from human activities such as repeated tillage and heavy machinery use. The term is often used to describe a variety of cemented or compacted subsoil horizons.

Natural hardpans arise when soil components become cemented or densely packed. In many tropical and subtropical soils, clay translocation and illuviation can lead to a dense clay-rich horizon that binds together into a hardpan. In arid and semi-arid regions, calcium carbonate or other minerals can accumulate and cement the horizon, forming a caliche or calcrete hardpan. Siliceous cementation can also occur in some soils, creating a duripan. A plough pan or wheel pan is a man-made or anthropogenic hardpan that forms when repeated tillage compacts soil at shallow depths, creating a perennially hard layer.

Hardpans typically occur within the top 0.3 to 1 meter of the soil, though depth varies with climate, drainage, and soil texture. They are associated with reduced infiltration, perched water tables, restricted root development, and sometimes increased surface runoff. Management strategies depend on the cause and effects and may include subsoiling or ripping to break the layer, improving drainage, adjusting irrigation, and selecting crops with deeper rooting systems.

In summary, hardpans are compact, often cemented subsoil layers that impede water movement and root growth, arising from natural pedogenic processes or anthropogenic soil disturbance.