hCaDs

hCaDs, or human Cadherins, are a large family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion. They are essential for the formation and maintenance of multicellular tissues in animals. Cadherins function by binding to other cadherins on adjacent cells, creating a physical link that holds cells together. This adhesion is calcium-dependent, hence the name "cadherin."

The cadherin superfamily is diverse, with over 100 different types identified in vertebrates. These proteins are characterized by a specific extracellular domain structure, containing multiple repeating cadherin motifs. Their intracellular domains interact with a complex of proteins called catenins, which in turn link the cadherin to the cell's actin cytoskeleton. This connection is vital for stabilizing cell junctions and transmitting mechanical signals.

Different types of cadherins exhibit distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and mediate various adhesion functions. For example, E-cadherin is predominantly found in epithelial cells and is critical for maintaining epithelial tissue integrity. N-cadherin is more common in nerve cells and muscle, while P-cadherin is found in placental cells. Disruptions in cadherin function are often associated with developmental abnormalities and diseases, including cancer, where loss of E-cadherin can promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Research into cadherins continues to shed light on fundamental biological processes and offers potential therapeutic targets.