group13

Group 13, also known as the boron group, is a set of elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers 5 through 113. These elements are characterized by having three valence electrons in their outermost electron shell. This electronic configuration influences their chemical behavior, leading them to commonly form compounds with a +3 oxidation state, although other oxidation states are also possible, particularly for the heavier elements in the group.

The elements in Group 13 are boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and nihonium (Nh). Boron is a metalloid, exhibiting properties of both metals and nonmetals. Aluminum is a relatively light, reactive metal widely used in various industries. Gallium, indium, and thallium are softer, more reactive metals that find applications in specialized fields like electronics and alloys. Nihonium is a synthetic, radioactive element with an extremely short half-life, and its chemical properties are still largely unknown and based on theoretical predictions.

Group 13 elements are found in various natural sources. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. Boron is present in minerals like borax. The other elements are less abundant. Their diverse properties and chemical reactivity make them important in a wide range of applications, from structural materials and semiconductors to catalysts and medical imaging.