grainorientation
Grain orientation refers to the crystallographic directions of individual grains within a polycrystalline material. Each grain is a single crystal, and its lattice orientation relative to the macroscopic sample axes varies from grain to grain. The collective distribution of orientations is called the material's texture. Orientation can be described quantitatively by Euler angles (for example, phi1, Phi, phi2 in the Bunge convention) or summarized as an orientation distribution function and in pole figures.
Grain orientation is measured with techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron
Textures arise during processing. Plastic deformation by rolling, extrusion, or drawing tends to align lattice directions
Grain orientation influences anisotropic properties. Mechanical behavior, such as yield strength, ductility, and formability, as well
Understanding grain orientation is essential in materials engineering, as controlling texture improves performance in metals, ceramics,