gorge

A gorge is a narrow, deep valley with steep sides carved into rock, typically by the erosive action of a river or glacier. It is usually narrower and more deeply incised than a canyon, though terminology varies by region. The walls are often near vertical and the floor narrow, with the stream or river running at the bottom.

Formation occurs as rivers cut downward into bedrock in regions of uplift or exposed hard rock. In glaciated areas, valley glaciers can carve deep troughs that later become gorges as ice retreats. The shape of a gorge is influenced by rock strength, structural features such as joints and faults, and the presence of resistant layers that control where erosion concentrates. Waterfalls may occur where resistant rock overlies softer layers, creating steps in the valley.

Morphology and ecology: Gorges typically host fast-flowing water and rugged terrain. The climate inside a gorge is often cooler and more humid than surrounding landscapes, supporting specialized plants and animals. They provide routes for transportation and recreation, including hiking, rock climbing, and sightseeing, and are valued for their scenic and geological significance.

Terminology: The word gorge comes from Old French gorge, from Latin gurges, meaning abyss or whirlpool. Usage varies by region; some languages distinguish gorge from ravine or canyon based on width, depth, and rock exposure.