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Glycine is the simplest amino acid, with the chemical formula NH2CH2COOH. It is one of the twenty standard amino acids used in protein biosynthesis. Glycine is not an essential amino acid, meaning the human body can synthesize it. Its side chain consists of just a hydrogen atom, making it the smallest of all amino acids. This small size allows it to fit into tight spaces within protein structures.

Glycine plays a crucial role in various biological processes. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina, where it generally exhibits inhibitory effects. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of important molecules, including porphyrins (components of hemoglobin), purines (found in DNA and RNA), and creatine (an energy source for muscles). In collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, glycine residues are found at every third position, contributing to collagen's characteristic triple helix structure.

Beyond its biological functions, glycine has found applications in industry and medicine. It is used as a food additive, a buffering agent, and in pharmaceuticals. It is also employed in cosmetic products. Due to its sweet taste, it is sometimes used as a sweetener.