glucoseregulated

Glucoseregulated refers to processes, genes, and proteins whose activity or expression changes in response to glucose availability or glucose-derived metabolites. The term is used to describe how cells sense glucose and adjust metabolism, growth, and stress responses to maintain energy balance.

In microorganisms, glucose-regulated gene expression is a well-characterized phenomenon. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), high glucose leads to the nuclear localization of the Mig1 repressor, which represses genes involved in alternative carbon source utilization. The Snf1 kinase promotes derepression under low glucose by inactivating Mig1. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, glucose availability lowers cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, reducing CRP-cAMP–mediated activation of genes for metabolizing other sugars; when glucose is scarce, cAMP rises and activates these genes, a system known as carbon catabolite repression. Similar architectures of glucose-responsive regulation exist across diverse species, linking nutrient status to transcriptional programs.

In mammals, glucose-regulated transcription involves carbohydrate-responsive element-binding proteins such as ChREBP and MondoA, which respond to glucose flux and its metabolites to control glycolysis and lipogenesis. Other layers include SREBP-1c in the liver and glycogen and insulin signaling pathways that adjust glucose uptake, storage, and utilization. Energy-sensing networks, such as AMPK and mTOR, further modulate metabolic responses based on cellular energy status, which is closely tied to glucose availability.

Glucoseregulated mechanisms are central to metabolism, development, and disease. Abnormal glucose regulation is implicated in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, while altered glucose-responsive gene expression is observed in cancer and other conditions where metabolic reprogramming supports disease progression.