gjak

Gjak is the Albanian word for blood, the circulating bodily fluid that sustains life by transporting oxygen and nutrients, removing wastes, and supporting immune defense. In humans and other vertebrates, it consists of plasma and cellular components: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

Plasma, the liquid portion, carries water, proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products. Erythrocytes transport oxygen via hemoglobin and give blood its red color. Leukocytes are part of the immune system and help fight infection. Platelets aid in hemostasis, forming clots to stop bleeding.

Normal blood volume varies with body size but is roughly 7-8% of body weight. Laboratory measurements include cell counts and hematocrit. Blood types, determined by the ABO and Rh systems, determine compatibility for transfusions; matching is critical to safety.

Functions of gjak include gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrient delivery, waste removal, temperature and pH regulation, and defense against pathogens. Disorders can affect production, clotting, or the immune response, and may require treatment ranging from medication to transfusion or procedures such as donation.

In Albanian language and culture, gjak also appears in expressions and concepts such as gjakmarrje (blood feud), a historical phenomenon repeatedly criticized and addressed by modern law and human rights frameworks.