ginglymi

Ginglymi is the plural form of ginglymus, a term used in anatomy to denote a hinge joint. The word comes from Latin ginglymus, from Greek ginglymós, meaning a hinge. In contemporary anatomy, hinge joints are classed as uniaxial synovial joints that allow movement predominantly in one plane.

The joint features a convex articulation on one bone and a concave on the other, enabling flexion and extension around a single axis. The joint capsule and collateral ligaments restrict mediolateral movement and rotation, providing stability.

Examples of joints described as ginglymi include the elbow joint (humero-ulnar joint) and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes; the talocrural (ankle) joint is sometimes described as a ginglymus. In the knee, however, the joint is more accurately termed a ginglymoarthrodial joint because it also permits a small amount of rotation and sliding.

Classification and terminology: In older or more detailed anatomical texts, "ginglymi" may be used to refer to multiple hinge joints collectively; modern clinical usage often employs "hinge joints" as the preferred term. Ginglymi contrast with other synovial joint types such as trochoid (pivot), ellipsoidal (condyloid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

Pathology and clinical relevance: Pathology commonly affecting ginglymi includes osteoarthritis, ligament sprains, dislocations (e.g., elbow), and contractures that limit extension or flexion. Understanding hinge joint mechanics informs rehabilitation and surgical planning.