gerufen

gerufen is the past participle of the German verb rufen, meaning to call, summon, or shout. It forms the perfect tense with the auxiliary haben: ich habe gerufen, du hast gerufen, er hat gerufen. The present tense is ich rufe, du rufst, er ruft; the simple past is ich rief, du rifst, er rief. The passive voice can be built with werden: Es wird gerufen; Er wird gerufen (he is being called).

Usage and sense: gerufen is used when someone calls out to another person, summons someone, or names someone. Examples: „Ich habe ihn gerufen.“ “Der Lehrer rief den Namen des Schülers.” The participle also appears in fixed phrases and adjectival uses, such as „ins Leben gerufen“ (brought into life or launched). As an adjective, gerufen is relatively rare; more common is to rephrase with a relative clause, e.g., „die Person, die gerufen wurde.“

Relation and forms: wie with many German past participles, gerufen can describe actions related to calling, summoning, or naming. It participates in passive constructions and in perfect tenses, and it can appear in attributive or predicative positions when the context centers on the act of calling or naming.

Etymology and cognates: rufen is a core Germanic verb. It has cognates in other Germanic languages, notably Dutch roepen and English call. The noun Ruf denotes a call, cry, or reputation. In modern German, gerufen remains primarily a grammatical form used in compound tenses and passive constructions, with occasional literary or descriptive uses as an adjective.