fungis

Fungi, often referred to as fungis, constitute a kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their surroundings. They include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. Fungi differ from plants in that they lack chlorophyll and from animals in their mode of nutrition and cell wall composition (chitin). Most fungi consist of networks of filamentous hyphae that form a visible body called a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular.

Life cycle and reproduction: Fungi reproduce by spores produced sexually or asexually. Spores are dispersed by wind or water and can germinate into new mycelia. Hyphae grow by tip extension, and some species form specialized reproductive structures such as mushrooms or molds.

Ecology: Fungi are crucial decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down complex organic materials and recycling nutrients. Many form mutualistic relationships, notably mycorrhizal associations with plant roots, which enhance nutrient uptake. Lichens are mutualistic associations between fungi and photosynthetic partners.

Uses and impacts: Humans rely on fungi for food (bread, beer, soy sauce), medicine (antibiotics like penicillin, immunosuppressants), and industrial enzymes. However, some fungi produce mycotoxins or cause diseases (athlete's foot, ringworm) or spoil food.