fukushi

Fukushi (福祉) is a Japanese term that directly translates to “welfare” or “well‑being.” It refers broadly to the set of public policies, services, and social systems designed to promote the health, security, and overall quality of life of citizens, especially those who are vulnerable or in need. In contemporary Japanese society fukushi encompasses health care, pensions, disability benefits, child care subsidies, housing assistance, and labor market support. The concept evolved significantly after World War II, when the Allied occupation authorities encouraged the establishment of a welfare state to prevent political unrest and support economic recovery. In 1948, Japan enacted the National Health Insurance system, and in 1950 the National Pension law, both foundational elements of modern fukushi.

Japanese government institutions such as the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Japan Pension Service, and local municipal offices administer these programs. The welfare budget constitutes a substantial portion of Japan’s national expenditure, reflecting the country’s commitment to supporting an aging population, as well as addressing low birth rates and income inequality. Policy debates frequently focus on reforming pension sustainability, expanding childcare, improving elder care, and ensuring sufficient labor market flexibility. Fukushi remains a core concept in Japanese social policy, underscoring the nation’s dedication to safeguarding the well‑being of all residents.