framedrum

Framedrum is a general term for drums whose body consists of a shallow frame that supports a drumhead stretched across it. Frame drums are among the oldest and most widespread percussion instruments, found in many musical cultures around the world. Most frame drums have a single drumhead and a circular or oval frame, though some regional designs include a second head or mounted jingles on the rim.

Construction and materials: The frame is typically made of wood, though metal, bone, or ceramic frames appear in some traditions. The head is usually animal skin or a synthetic material, tightened by cords, lacing, or hardware. In many cases the rim carries metal jingles or other ornaments, transforming the instrument into a tambourine-type frame drum.

Regional varieties: Notable examples include the bodhrán of Ireland, a large, single-headed frame drum played with a tipper; the riq of the Middle East with numerous small jingles around the rim; and the pandeiro of Brazil, a frame drum with a head and a set of attached jingles. Frame drums are also common in Mediterranean, North African, and South Asian music, with many local names and playing styles.

Playing technique and sound: Frame drums are typically played with the hands, fingers, or a small beater. Tone and volume are influenced by head tension, hand position, and whether the player also uses fingers to mute or dampen the skin. Jingles add a metallic color, while a bare skin produces a dry, resonant tone.

Cultural role and modern use: Frame drums appear in folk and traditional ensembles, religious ceremonies, and contemporary world music. They are often taught to beginners as accessible percussion instruments and are used in educational settings to illustrate rhythm and tempo.