fortresscities
Fortress cities, or fortified cities, are urban settlements designed or reinforced to withstand siege, attack, or blockade. They integrate defensive fortifications—city walls, ramparts, bastions, gates, moats, and citadels—with an organized urban form that concentrates resources, garrisoned personnel, and secure water and food stores.
Historically, fortress cities emerged in antiquity and flourished through the medieval and early modern eras. Walls
Functions and layout commonly include concentric or irregular walls, controlled gates, observation towers, bastions, moats or
Decline and legacy: heavy artillery and modern warfare in the 19th and 20th centuries reduced the military