formularum

Formularum is a Latin word that translates to "formula" or "form" in English. In a historical context, particularly within Roman law and administration, formularum referred to the standardized legal formulas or templates used in the procedure of the Roman courts. These formulas were crucial for outlining the specific legal claims and defenses presented to a judge, known as the *iudex*.

The formulary system, or *formula processus*, developed during the late Roman Republic and continued through the classical period of Roman law. It represented a shift from earlier, more rigid legal procedures. Instead of adhering to strict, prescribed verbal actions, parties would present their case to a magistrate, who would then draft a formula. This formula would be given to the *iudex*, who would adjudicate the case based on the terms laid out within it.

The formula typically included several key components: an instruction to the judge (e.g., "If it appears that the defendant owes the plaintiff 1000 sesterces..."), the intent of the action (e.g., claiming ownership or debt), and potentially exceptions or defenses. This system allowed for greater flexibility and addressed a wider range of disputes compared to earlier legal methods. The concept of formularum had a lasting influence on the development of Western legal traditions, particularly in civil law systems.