formamide

Formamide, also known as methanamide, is the simplest amide of formic acid. Its chemical formula is HCONH2. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is miscible with water and many organic solvents. It is highly polar, with pronounced hydrogen-bonding ability.

At room temperature, formamide has a boiling point of about 210°C and a melting point of 2°C. Its density is about 1.133 g/mL at 25°C. It is miscible with water, alcohols, acetone, and other common solvents, and is used as a solvent for a variety of chemical reactions, especially those requiring high polarity.

Industrial production is typically by direct amidation of formic acid with ammonia; it can also be generated as a byproduct in certain petrochemical processes. In synthesis, it serves as a solvent for polymers, resins, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, and as a versatile precursor to other chemicals. One notable transformation is the conversion of formamides to isocyanates upon dehydration, allowing the production of urethane polymers and related compounds.

Formamide is toxic and can irritate skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Prolonged or high-level exposure may cause more serious health effects; it is also considered hazardous to aquatic life. It should be handled with appropriate engineering controls and personal protective equipment, stored in tightly closed containers away from sources of heat.