fermioner

Fermioner is the plural form of fermion in languages such as Swedish and Norwegian; in English the term is fermions. In physics, a fermion is a particle with half-integer spin that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. This class is named after Enrico Fermi; the spin-statistics theorem links spin to statistics, making fermions subject to the Pauli exclusion principle.

Fermions can be elementary, such as quarks and leptons, or composite, such as protons and neutrons, which are bound states of three quarks. Quarks come in six flavors; leptons include the electron, muon, tau and their corresponding neutrinos. Each fermion carries quantum numbers such as electric charge, color charge (for quarks), weak isospin, and baryon or lepton number; masses arise from various mechanisms, including the Higgs field for most Standard Model fermions.

Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state. They are described by anti-commuting fields in quantum field theory, leading to Fermi-Dirac statistics. This behavior underlies the structure of atoms, chemistry, and the properties of electrons in solids, and it is essential for the stability of matter at ordinary densities.

Fermions are contrasted with bosons, which have integer spin and obey Bose-Einstein statistics, allowing many identical particles to occupy the same state. Examples of bosons include photons, gluons, and the Higgs boson. The term fermioner, while common in some languages, is not used in English; the English plural is fermions.