fendering

Fendering refers to the installation and use of fenders along vessels, docks, and berthing structures to absorb energy and prevent damage during contact. Fendering systems consist of protective devices placed at potential points of contact between a ship and a quay, another vessel, or floating structures. They can be part of the hull-mounted protection on a vessel (ship fenders) or attached to quay walls, pontoons, or harbor structures (dock fenders).

Common forms include cylindrical fenders, spherical fenders, bottle fenders, and foam- or rubber-filled units. Some are air-filled or water-filled; others are solid elastomer blocks. Fenders may be mounted directly to the hull, hung from rails or chocks on the vessel, or bolted to docks with brackets and pads. The choice depends on vessel size, berthing speed, berth geometry, and anticipated contact forces. Energy absorption and deflection ratings guide selection.

Maintenance involves regular inspection for cracks, punctures, wear, and puncture of air-filled units, with replacement as needed. Protective coverings, UV stabilizers, and material resilience influence service life in harsh marine environments.

Fendering is a standard consideration in port design and ship operation, supported by guidelines and specifications from shipping industry bodies and classification societies to ensure adequate protection during berthing, docking, and mooring.

See also: Berthing; Mooring; Dock; Fender (device).