extravazáció

Extravasation refers to the unintentional leakage of a substance from a blood vessel or organ into the surrounding tissues. This commonly occurs during intravenous administration of fluids or medications when the needle or catheter dislodges or penetrates too deeply into the tissue. The substance can be an irritant, a vesicant (a drug that can cause blistering and tissue death), or simply a large volume of fluid.

Symptoms of extravasation vary depending on the substance involved but often include pain, swelling, redness, and a feeling of tightness at the site. In severe cases, blistering, ulceration, and tissue necrosis can develop, potentially leading to long-term damage and requiring surgical intervention. Factors that increase the risk of extravasation include fragile veins, certain administration techniques, and patient immobility.

Management of extravasation involves immediate cessation of the infusion, removal of the cannula, and elevation of the affected limb. Specific interventions depend on the nature of the extravasated substance and may include the application of hot or cold compresses, local aspiration of the drug, or the administration of antidotes. Prevention is key and involves careful patient assessment, proper vein selection, securement of the IV device, and vigilant monitoring of the infusion site. Healthcare professionals are trained to recognize and manage extravasation promptly to minimize patient harm.